Lub sijhawm (lub sijhawm no yog pib los ntawm Latin lo lus abstractio, uas txhais tau hais tias txhais tau tias yog qhov sau hais) qhov pom ntawm qhov teeb meem, tus neeg lossis ib yam khoom los ntawm ib qho chaw txawb ntawm kev xaav. Yog li, muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab rab peev xwm los ntsuam xyuas qhov teeb meem no. Lub tswvyim ntawm kev sau ntawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm ntau cov kev kawm.
Abstraction yog ib qho piv txwv
Cov lus abstraction xav kom ua ob yam: thawj yog ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov menyuam yaus, qhov thib ob yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov phenomenon feem ntau thiab tseem ceeb, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
Piv txwv, kom kawm tau tsab ntawv tsa suab, ua ntej muab cov lus txiav tawm ntawm txhua yam, ces - lub zog ceev, thiab vim li ntawd, feem ntau cov neeg dawb huv thiab yooj yim nyob rau kev xav, rov qab xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws. Li no, abstraction yog ib txoj hauv siab los ua kom pom tseeb ntawm tej yam kev mob zoo tagnrho.
Tis ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias qhov no zoo li qhov pib, nws yog qhov sau hais tias nws tau cais tawm thiab kawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - kev ceev, lub sij hawm, kev deb, thiab lwm yam. Li no, abstraction yog ib txoj kev ntawm cognition.
Txoj kev no tso cai rau koj muab pov tseg ib qho tseem ceeb, theem nrab, thiab mloog zoo rau qhov tseem ceeb. Nws tsis pub leejtwg paub tias nyob hauv ib tug neeg lub neej muaj ntau lub sijhawm uas nws tseem ceeb heev los txiav txim siab tseem ceeb thiab tsis khib lub zog hauv vain, txau rau ntawm kev sib tw. Cim tau nrog tus thawj lag luam thiab pabcuam. Abstraction thiab specification
Txhua lub tswvyim muaj nws cov lus rov qab. Abstraction thiab concretization yog zoo li nrhiav ze thiab nyob deb. Nyob ze, koj yuav xav txog txhua yam nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus (concretization), tab sis tam sim ntawd nyob deb, koj yuav muaj peev xwm ntsuam xyuas lub tswv yim raws li ib tug lej, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm trifles (abstraction). Yog li, cov no yog ob yam tseem ceeb.
Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los qhia nrog ib qho piv txwv. Yog tias koj hais tias "Kuv yuav poob phaus" nws yog ib lub ntsiab lus. Thiab yog tias koj hais tias "Kuv yuav muab lub qab zib thiab kuv yuav ua rau sawv ntxov sau" - qhov no yog qhov tseeb.
Txoj kev ntawm abstraction thiab nws lub hom phiaj
Kev kawm hauv psychology thiab lwm yam Sciences pub rau peb kom ua tau ntau yam ntawm cov hom phiaj uas pab kom nkag siab qhov essence ntawm ib qho phenomenon, ib yam khoom lossis ib tus neeg. Txoj kev soj ntsuam no tso cai rau koj mus poob ntau ntau zaus thiab saib tag nrho, kom lub hom phiaj nram qab no tiav:
- Tsim ib qho qauv. Thaum peb xaiv ib qho cuab yeej los yog zoo ntawm ib yam dab tsi thiab xaiv nws raws li qhov tseem ceeb, nws yuav exaggerated thiab yog li tau ib tug dawb huv zoo. Nws yog tseeb tias nyob hauv kev muaj tiag no tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim, tiam sis zoo li tus ntshiab sib npaug kuj yog qhov pib taw tes rau txoj kev xav thiab xav txog lub tswvyim.
- Qhia txog. Nws yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas ua kom yooj yim rau kev tshawb nrhiav rau ntau yam hauv cov phenomena thiab cov xwm txheej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, mloog yog concentrated nyob rau hauv dav dav, thiab qhov txawv cov ntsiab lus yog tshem tawm.
- Clarity thiab specifics. Ua kom tau lub hom phiaj no, paub
tseem ceeb rau ntawm ib lub tswv yim, uas tso cai rau, piv txwv li, kom pom ciaj ciam ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus. Kev sau ntawv yuav pab cais cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv tus kheej. - Generalization thiab systematization. Nws yog qhov yooj yim twv tias qhov kev sib koom ua ke thiab cov ntsiab lus hauv feem ntau yog cov uas muaj kev sib raug zoo. Yuav kom ua tau lub hom phiaj no, lub hom phiaj yog teem rau cov qauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas ua rau sib faib tswv yim rau cov pawg neeg uas tsim nyog. Txhua pawg yog ib leeg ywj siab thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo, tab sis txawv ntawm lwm pab pawg uas muaj lwm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb.
Koj tuaj yeem siv abstraction nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm. Tshem tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tseem ceeb, nws yog qhov yooj yim dua kom paub zoo txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txaus siab.